Keywords: <\/strong>Defense Policies, National Defense, Organizational Theories, Management, International Relations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Resumen: En Brasil, se observa que los investigadores en el campo de la Administraci\u00f3n guardan cierta distancia de los estudios de Defensa Nacional. En este sentido, el alcance de este estudio es que existe una incapacidad entre las acciones estrat\u00e9gicas previstas en la Estrategia de Defensa Nacional (NDS) y las capacidades de la Base de la Industria de Defensa (DIB). Se asume que las empresas vinculadas a la DIB deben conocer sus capacidades din\u00e1micas, para que puedan, en su planificaci\u00f3n estrat\u00e9gica, desarrollar acciones que les permitan cooperar con la NDS, adem\u00e1s de generar ventaja competitiva. La metodolog\u00eda utilizada tiene un car\u00e1cter bibliom\u00e9trico. Los hallazgos apuntan a i) la falta de estudios que apunten a proponer estrategias para el sector Defensa, desde la perspectiva de la teor\u00eda de las capacidades din\u00e1micas y la estrategia empresarial; ii) la inexistencia de Programas de Posgrado en Administraci\u00f3n Stricto Sensu, que tengan en sus l\u00edneas de investigaci\u00f3n el tema de la Defensa Nacional; y, iii) la inexistencia de revistas del \u00e1rea de Administraci\u00f3n que tengan como \u00e1mbito o enfoque los estudios organizacionales, la estrategia y la innovaci\u00f3n en el \u00e1rea de la Defensa Nacional. El \u00e1rea de Administraci\u00f3n cuenta con l\u00edneas de investigaci\u00f3n que abarcan estudios estrat\u00e9gicos y organizacionales, innovaci\u00f3n y tecnolog\u00eda, gobernanza, finanzas p\u00fablicas y otros, que pueden colaborar con el avance de los estudios en Defensa de forma aplicada, ya que tienen como objetivo relacionar la teor\u00eda con la pr\u00e1ctica y la b\u00fasqueda constante de soluciones pragm\u00e1ticas a problemas sintom\u00e1ticos y en curso, a trav\u00e9s de m\u00e9todos anal\u00edticos, cient\u00edficos profundos y observaci\u00f3n emp\u00edrica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Palabras clave: Pol\u00edticas de Defensa, Defensa Nacional, Teor\u00edas Organizacionales, Administraci\u00f3n, Relaciones Internacionales.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Para citar este art\u00edculo\/To cite this article<\/strong>:\u00a0Marcus Vinicius Gon\u00e7alves da Silva y Jansen Maia del Corso, <<Administration and National Defense: Analysis of the relationship between two areas of scientific knowledge in Brazil>>, Revista de Estudios en Seguridad Internacional<\/em>, Vol. 8, No. 1, (2022), pp. 121-141. DOI: http:\/\/dx.doi.org.10.18847\/1.15.8<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n It is widely assumed in the academic literature, despite some skepticism, that most people know nothing about Defense policies and the Armed Forces and, consequently, knowledge in this field is quite limited (Steinbrecher & Biehl, 2020). This diagnosis is common and characteristic of almost all Western societies (Moskos & Burk, 1994).<\/p>\n\n\n\n In the United States, Brooks (2016) describes that there is a coexistence between \u201centhusiasm and ignorance\u201d and ironically states that<\/p>\n\n\n\n Most Americans know as much about the US military as they do about the surface of the moon. It’s not that Americans don’t like the military – most support it wholeheartedly. We just have no idea who is in it, what it does, how much it costs, or what current US military policies cost us (Brooks, 2016: 22).<\/p>\n\n\n\n In Latin America, Pio-Berlin (2005) notes that there is a consensus in the academic community that civil servants in the Ministries of Defense and legislative committees suffer from an appreciable deficit in knowledge of defense matters. In this context, in Brazil, specifically, there is a distance between researchers in the area of \u200b\u200bAdministration, in relation to the contribution to National Defense studies, from an integrated view of the country, related to dynamic capabilities and available resources.<\/p>\n\n\n\n However, knowledge from academia has become a preponderant factor in the processes of competitiveness and capacity in the international defense system, constituting a fundamental element in strategic projects for the modernization of the Brazilian Armed Forces.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The National Defense Strategy (NDS) postulates that there should have a greater integration between scientific and technological institutions, both military and civilian (Estrat\u00e9gia Nacional de Defesa [END], 2020). However, notably, few higher education institutions in the country have Stricto Sensu<\/em> Post-Graduate Programs that cover Defense studies, most of which are civil and come from the areas of International Relations and Political Science, being a paradigm to be overcome.<\/p>\n\n\n\n In a recent study by White (2019), the author suggests that paradigms both play a distinct role in the theoretical construction of many researches in the area and reduce the scientific innovative potential. Thus, the development of a certain research area in a paradigmatic way impairs the development of new knowledge and approaches in the field of study.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Although, the field of \u200b\u200bAdministration has lines of research that include strategic and organizational studies, innovation and technology, governance and public finance, etc., which can collaborate with the advancement of studies on Defense, as they are areas that aim to relate theory to practice and the constant search for pragmatic solutions to symptomatic and continuous problems, through analytical scientific methods, in depth and empirical observation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The topic is a research opportunity, as the academic literature has sought to analyze the relationship between different areas of research, and the interdisciplinary approach or distance in the academic process (White, 2019; Cancela, Coelho & Ruivo, 2014; Boncourt, 2007).<\/p>\n\n\n\n In this context, it is observed that different perspectives can contribute to the understanding of the role of certain causal mechanisms and are useful for researchers who wish to analyze thematic relationships (White, 2019).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Through an initial survey, it was observed in the Quadrennial Evaluation Report – 2017, organized by the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel, that there are 129 (one hundred and twenty-nine) Graduate Programs (PPGs) (Master’s) in Brazil and Doctorate) in Administration (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel [CAPES], 2017).<\/p>\n\n\n\n In the field of Administration studies, in most of the PPGs there are lines of research on Organizational Strategy. Broadly, strategic studies can be divided into two categories: one that analyzes the external environment and one that considers the internal environment (Porter, 1980). The Dynamic Capabilities (DC) theory constitutes of an affluent branch of research activities in Administration. The importance of this concept lies in the fact that it deals with how companies can achieve and sustain competitive advantages in a constantly changing environment (Nelson, 1991; Teece & Pisano, 1994; Teece, Pisano & Shuen, 1997).<\/p>\n\n\n\n In this context, the choice of the theme is justified by the presence of the Defense Industrial Base (DIB), which, according to data from August 2021, is composed of 118 (one hundred and eighteen) Strategic Defense Companies (EED) and 28 (twenty-eight) Defense Companies (DC) (Defense Industry Joint Commission [CMID], 2021). Given the above, this study seeks an answer to the following research question: What has been the contribution of Brazilian researchers in the scientific field of administration in National Defense studies?<\/p>\n\n\n\n To answer this question, this study is divided into five chapters, including this introduction. In Chapter 2, the concepts of the National Defense Strategy, the Defense Industrial Base, the Dynamic Capabilities and their relationship with the strategy are briefly presented. Chapter 3 addresses the methodological path adopted to achieve the proposed objective. In Chapter 4, the results are presented and, finally, in Chapter 5 the conclusion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Conceptual approach<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n The following concepts seek to briefly describe the elements that compound the bibliographic research carried out in this research.<\/p>\n\n\n\n National Defense Strategy<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n The NDS, a political defense document, is formulated based on employment hypotheses that are defined considering the threats to the country, establishing guidelines for the adequate preparation and Armed Forces training, emphasizing the need for strengthening the strategic sectors in the pursuit of national development.<\/p>\n\n\n\n It highlights, among other guidelines, the need to develop the potential for military and national mobilization to ensure the deterrent and operational capacity of the Armed Forces, meaning that, the NDS is inseparable from the national development strategy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n In this context, it is essential to obtain military defense capabilities through the development of the country’s industrial, scientific-technological and logistical base, as well as its knowledge. It is, therefore, essential to have an autochthonous Defense Industrial Base (DIB) involved in research, development, production and services to meet the needs of national defense.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Defense Industrial Base<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n The DIB is an essential element of a State’s defense, and its importance comes both from its strategic character, resulting from the production of the country’s defense equipment, essential to guarantee defense and its autonomy, as well as its economic aspects, related to the domain of sensitive technologies, many of a dual character, and the generation of innovation, high-skilled jobs and high value-added exports.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Among the public policies aimed at national defense, the National Policy for the Defense Industry (NPDI) (Portaria Normativa n\u00ba 899, de 19 de julho de 2005) has a prominent role in emphasizing the defense industry. This policy establishes, among its specific objectives, the progressive reduction of external dependence on strategic defense products, in order to develop and produce them internally, and also to increase the competitiveness of the Brazilian DIB to expand exports. It is noted that the DIB concept gained expression in the NPDI approved by an ordinance of the Ministry of Defense, in 2005:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Defense Industrial Base is the set of state and private companies, as well as civil and military organizations, that participate in one or more of the stages of research, development, production, distribution and maintenance of strategic defense products (Portaria Normativa n\u00ba 899, de 19 de julho de 2005).<\/p>\n\n\n\n The DIB\u2019s training, including the mastery of dual-use technologies, is essential to maintain the supply of defense products aimed for the country’s technological autonomy. The DIB\u2019s opportunities for technological evolution are directly related to the increasing level of interaction between institutions in the field of \u200b\u200bScience, Technology & Innovation (ST&I), and the absorption of knowledge from countries with recognized technological development (END, 2020).<\/p>\n\n\n\n NDS (2020) devoted special attention in their text to the DIB, highlighting the prioritization of the development of independent technological capabilities, the subordination of commercial considerations to strategic imperatives and the use of defense technology development as a focus for the development of operational capabilities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The prospect of expanding demand for strategic defense products offers an excellent opportunity for the development and strengthening of the DIB. However, it is highlighted in NDS that, in order to competitively consolidate the national defense industry, it is necessary to increase investments in ST&I, expand participation in domestic and foreign markets and strengthen the supply chain in Brazil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Amarante (2012: 39) observes that the NDS \u00abestablished guidelines encouraging the interaction of the most varied institutions and companies in integrated work, aimed at strengthening the DIB\u00bb, with the great strategic objective of the NDS being the scientific and technological training of the country in the military sector.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Melo (2015) points out that the productive capacity of the DIB presents some challenges, including<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u25aa partial technological autonomy;<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u25aa incomplete production structure;<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u25aa few national anchor companies with a business, production and financial scale, compatible with the standard of international competition;<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u25aa educational, scientific and technological infrastructure still deficient;<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u25aa reduced density of the production chain, which prevents further productive and technological linkages (Melo, 2015: 28).<\/p>\n\n\n\n In this context, the DIB\u2019s transformation process needs to be a priority in state policies so that it can incorporate the real strategic and economic benefits for the country, enabling the expansion of the national productive, technological and competitive capacities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Dynamic Capabilities<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n The theory of Resource Based View (RBV), by Barney (1991), explains that a sustained competitive advantage is obtained with the company’s internal resources, which are rare, valuable, difficult to imitate and irreplaceable. However, resources and capabilities change over time and the environment influences them (Helfat & Peteraf, 2009).<\/p>\n\n\n\n The DC appears as a complement to RBV, addressing the market dynamism and the evolution of companies, seeking to explain the mechanisms of business transformation (Wang & Ahmed, 2007).<\/p>\n\n\n\n For Barney (1991), Alcantara, Lima, Cardoso & Gohr (2015) and Trindade, Trindade, & Nogueira (2015), resources are summarized in the combination of assets, skills, organizational processes, information, knowledge, formal and informal planning, and other factors controlled by the company that enable the implementation of strategies that improve the organization’s efficiency and effectiveness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The literature on strategic management has pointed out that sources of competitive advantages come from a set of capabilities that the organization develop to renew and reconfigure its assets \u2013 tangible and intangible (Teece et al., 1997; Eisenhardt & Martin, 2000; Vasconcelos & Cyrino , 2000; Teece, 2007).<\/p>\n\n\n\n These capabilities are called dynamic capabilities. The term capability emphasizes the key role of the strategic management in adapting appropriately; integrating and reconfiguring external and internal organizational skills; as well as functional competences, with a market view (Teece et al., 1997). The term dynamic is related to the ability to build new forms of competitive advantages, through the renewal of competences, aiming to achieve congruence with the changing business environment. All of this in a context of reduced market time, technological changes in shorter times and little competitive predictability (Bergman, Jantunen & Saksa, 2004).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Leite (2011) observes that in the military context, Capability Based Planning seeks to identify the required defense capabilities, their development and their implementation, in the short to long term, using an effects-based approach (Effects Based Operations). This concept differs from concepts related to dynamic capabilities theories, as it has a broader approach.<\/p>\n\n\n\n DC constitute change and innovation management mechanisms and involve aspects of knowledge and organizational learning (Zollo & Winter, 2002). Thus, it is clear that there is a relationship between dynamic capabilities and innovation, as organizational innovation is correlated to the development of capabilities, competences, processes and organizational routines (Schumpeter, 1988).<\/p>\n\n\n\n From this perspective, through a literature review, the following topics are presented with an overview of higher education institutions, graduate programs, journals and articles related to National Defense studies, in order to verify what has been the contribution of researchers in the field of Administration, in particular, with the use of theories of strategic administration and dynamic capabilities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Methodology<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n This research was restricted to documents available in the Scopus database, one of the most relevant knowledge bases, due to the quantity and impact of the works indexed in it. Considering the objective of mapping the international scientific production on defense, strategy and capability, the analysis was exploratory and descriptive. Figure 1 illustrates the steps taken to constitute the study sample.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Figure 1. Bibliometric Analysis<\/p>\n\n\n\n In the first step, an initial query was carried out based on previously established criteria for the systematic search of the documents to be analyzed and resulted in 337.908 documents containing the exact expressions \u201cdefense\u201d, \u201cstrategy\u201d and \u201ccapability\u201d in the field \u201ctitle\u201d, \u201cabstract\u201d and \u201ckeywords\u201d, with the use of the boolean operator \u201cand\u201d, and publications related to \u201carticles\u201d, with \u201copen access\u201d, in the period \u201c2009-2019\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The use of \u201ckey words\u201d in scientific production proves to be useful in indexing search engines or text categorization (Ercan & Cicekli, 2007). However, to be effective, \u201ckeywords\u201d must represent the content of the search and be specific to the search field or subfield.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The \u201ckey words\u201d, that is, vocabulary terms taken from the documents, correspond to a choice of the authors, seeking to enhance access to scientific publications, and to synthesize the authors’ thoughts in contact with the social reality produced in the documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Thus, the keywords were introduced, followed by an asterisk (*) at the end, making it possible to identify all possible variations of the word in relation to the last letter, such as singular and plurals. The first filter applied limited the search to the type of source \u201cjournals\u201d, languages \u201cEnglish\u201d and \u201cPortuguese\u201d, and in the area of \u200b\u200b\u201cbusiness, management and accounting\u201d, resulting in 5,446 articles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A second filter delimited the search in scientific articles that contained the Keywords: strategy, dynamic capabilities, capabilities, strategic approach, innovation strategy, strategies, resulting in 317 documents. In a third filter, the documents of the field \u00abcountry\/territory\u00bb: Brazil were searched, in order to analyze the context of the national sectorial environment of Brazilian defense, covering actors and factors with peculiar characteristics of the country, which consisted of a final sample of 58 documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Results and discussions<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n At this stage, the abstract reading of the 58 articles was carried out, in order to verify whether the works produced contemplated the themes \u00abstrategy\u00bb and \u00abcapacities\u00bb in the \u00abdefence\u00bb area, with only the article being located from \u201cThe National Defense Strategy of Brazil and other BRICs in a comparative perspective (The National Defense Strategy of Brazil and that of the other BRICs in a comparative perspective), by Bertonha (2013), published in the Brazilian Magazine of International Policy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n We sought, then, to analyze the 26 (twenty-six) journals that published articles with at least two frequencies (\u2265 2), with the words: strategy and capabilities, finding eight journals (Graph 1).<\/p>\n\n\n\n These eight journals published 40 (forty) articles, in the period of 2009 to 2019, which contained the words strategy and capabilities at the same time, corresponding to 68.9% of the total sample, that is, 58 articles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Graph 1. Administration area journals that published articles (\u2265 2) with the words: strategy and capabilities in the period of 2009 to 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n Although, when analyzing the focus and scope of the 26 (twenty-six) periodicals, it was found that even though they had publications that covered the themes of strategy and capabilities, none of them were related to the theme \u2212 Defense. It was possible to identify that researchers in the Administration field have not published, in the last ten years (2009-2019), scientific articles related to the themes of strategy and capabilities in the area of National Defense.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Analysis of Publications in the CAPES Theses & Dissertations Catalog<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n At this stage of the analysis, searches were carried out in the Theses & Dissertations Catalog \u2013 CAPES, in order to identify published works that were related to the Defense area. An initial search was carried out with the term national defense, finding 321 documents, corresponding to 235 (two hundred and thirty-five) dissertations and 68 (sixty-eight) theses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n After applying the first filter, the publications were delimited to the period of 2009 to 2019, resulting in only 53 (fifty-three) theses out of 167,729 (one hundred and sixty-seven thousand, seven hundred and twenty-nine theses) published, corresponding to 0,0315% of the total (extraction date: October 29, 2019). In the next step, the theses were filtered by areas of knowledge (Graph 2).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Graph 2. Areas of knowledge related to Theses published on the topic of National Defense<\/p>\n\n\n\n It is noted that in the area of Administration, only one thesis was found, entitled \u00abThe New Demands of Security and National Defense and their Impacts on the Organizational Transformation of Military Environments, particularly, of the Brazilian Army\u00bb, by Neto (2015), from Get\u00falio Vargas Foundation (FGV), Rio de Janeiro. The study was related to the research line \u201cInstitutions, Policies and Government (Macro): with focus on the Institutional level and on the Policy Formulation Process\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Analysis of Higher Education Institutions<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n Regarding the Higher Education Institutions (HEIs), which had theses published related to the area of Defense, 21 (twenty-one) were identified. It can be seen in Graph 3 that the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (URFRJ), with a Doctorate in Comparative History (PPGHC), and the School of Command and General Staff of the Army (ECEME), with a Doctorate in Military Science (PPGCM), are the institutions that have the largest number of theses published in the area of \u200b\u200bDefense, with a total of 10 (ten) each.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Graph 3. Higher Education Institutions that had theses published related to the area of Defense<\/p>\n\n\n\n It should be noted that the Naval War College has a Professional Doctorate in Maritime Studies, which seeks to connect and relate to the world’s seas and inland waters, and has three lines of research: i) maritime policy and strategy; ii) regulation of the use of the sea, decision-making process and prospective methods; and iii) policy and management in science, technology and innovation in the maritime environment (Escola de Guerra Naval, 2020), but in this Doctorate, no thesis was found in the CAPES Theses & Dissertations Catalog related to the Defense area.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Analysis of Stricto Sensu Graduate Programs and their periodicals<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n At this stage, we sought to identify which Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) have in their Postgraduate Programs Stricto Sensu<\/em> – Doctorate, lines of research related to the area of \u200b\u200bDefense, and which have journals focused on this area.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Of the 21 (twenty-one) HEIs, the Doctorate in Military Science, from the School of ECEME, the Doctorate in Political Science, from the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) and the Doctorate in International Relations, from Bras\u00edlia University (UNB), have lines of research, specifically focused on the study of Defense, as well as periodicals that have in their scope the publication of articles related to Security, Politics and National Defense (Exhibit 1).<\/p>\n\n\n\n The Graduate Program in Maritime Studies at the Escola de Guerra Naval has a scientific journal, but its editorial scope focuses on works that contribute to the development of strategic thinking regarding Maritime Power (Revista da Escola de Guerra Naval, 2020).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Exhibit 1. HEIs that have lines of research in the area of Defense<\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/seguridadinternacional.es\/resi\/html\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Figure-1-1024x607.jpg\")
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